@ -222,7 +222,44 @@ device tree) and probe.
Platform Data
-------------
Where does the platform data come from? See demo-pdata.c which
Platform data is like Linux platform data, if you are familiar with that.
It provides the board-specific information to start up a device.
Why is this information not just stored in the device driver itself? The
idea is that the device driver is generic, and can in principle operate on
any board that has that type of device. For example, with modern
highly-complex SoCs it is common for the IP to come from an IP vendor, and
therefore (for example) the MMC controller may be the same on chips from
different vendors. It makes no sense to write independent drivers for the
MMC controller on each vendor's SoC, when they are all almost the same.
Similarly, we may have 6 UARTs in an SoC, all of which are mostly the same,
but lie at different addresses in the address space.
Using the UART example, we have a single driver and it is instantiated 6
times by supplying 6 lots of platform data. Each lot of platform data
gives the driver name and a pointer to a structure containing information
about this instance - e.g. the address of the register space. It may be that
one of the UARTS supports RS-485 operation - this can be added as a flag in
the platform data, which is set for this one port and clear for the rest.
Think of your driver as a generic piece of code which knows how to talk to
a device, but needs to know where it is, any variant/option information and
so on. Platform data provides this link between the generic piece of code
and the specific way it is bound on a particular board.
Examples of platform data include:
- The base address of the IP block's register space
- Configuration options, like:
- the SPI polarity and maximum speed for a SPI controller
- the I2C speed to use for an I2C device
- the number of GPIOs available in a GPIO device
Where does the platform data come from? It is either held in a structure
which is compiled into U-Boot, or it can be parsed from the Device Tree
(see 'Device Tree' below).
For an example of how it can be compiled in, see demo-pdata.c which
sets up a table of driver names and their associated platform data.
The data can be interpreted by the drivers however they like - it is
basically a communication scheme between the board-specific code and
@ -259,21 +296,30 @@ following device tree fragment:
sides = <4>;
};
This means that instead of having lots of U_BOOT_DEVICE() declarations in
the board file, we put these in the device tree. This approach allows a lot
more generality, since the same board file can support many types of boards
(e,g. with the same SoC) just by using different device trees. An added
benefit is that the Linux device tree can be used, thus further simplifying
the task of board-bring up either for U-Boot or Linux devs (whoever gets to
the board first!).
The easiest way to make this work it to add a few members to the driver:
.platdata_auto_alloc_size = sizeof(struct dm_test_pdata),
.ofdata_to_platdata = testfdt_ofdata_to_platdata,
.probe = testfdt_drv_probe,
The 'auto_alloc' feature allowed space for the platdata to be allocated
and zeroed before the driver's ofdata_to_platdata method is called. This
method reads the information out of the device tree and puts it in
dev->platdata. Then the probe method is called to set up the device.
and zeroed before the driver's ofdata_to_platdata() method is called. The
ofdata_to_platdata() method, which the driver write supplies, should parse
the device tree node for this device and place it in dev->platdata. Thus
when the probe method is called later (to set up the device ready for use)
the platform data will be present.
Note that both methods are optional. If you provide an ofdata_to_platdata
method then it will be called first (after bind). If you provide a probe
method it will be called next.
method then it will be called first (during activation). If you provide a
probe method it will be called next. See Driver Lifecycle below for more
details.
If you don't want to have the platdata automatically allocated then you
can leave out platdata_auto_alloc_size. In this case you can use malloc
@ -295,6 +341,166 @@ numbering comes from include/dm/uclass.h. To add a new uclass, add to the
end of the enum there, then declare your uclass as above.
Driver Lifecycle
----------------
Here are the stages that a device goes through in driver model. Note that all
methods mentioned here are optional - e.g. if there is no probe() method for
a device then it will not be called. A simple device may have very few
methods actually defined.
1. Bind stage
A device and its driver are bound using one of these two methods:
- Scan the U_BOOT_DEVICE() definitions. U-Boot It looks up the
name specified by each, to find the appropriate driver. It then calls
device_bind() to create a new device and bind' it to its driver. This will
call the device's bind() method.
- Scan through the device tree definitions. U-Boot looks at top-level
nodes in the the device tree. It looks at the compatible string in each node
and uses the of_match part of the U_BOOT_DRIVER() structure to find the
right driver for each node. It then calls device_bind() to bind the
newly-created device to its driver (thereby creating a device structure).
This will also call the device's bind() method.
At this point all the devices are known, and bound to their drivers. There
is a 'struct udevice' allocated for all devices. However, nothing has been
activated (except for the root device). Each bound device that was created
from a U_BOOT_DEVICE() declaration will hold the platdata pointer specified
in that declaration. For a bound device created from the device tree,
platdata will be NULL, but of_offset will be the offset of the device tree
node that caused the device to be created. The uclass is set correctly for
the device.
The device's bind() method is permitted to perform simple actions, but
should not scan the device tree node, not initialise hardware, nor set up
structures or allocate memory. All of these tasks should be left for
the probe() method.
Note that compared to Linux, U-Boot's driver model has a separate step of
probe/remove which is independent of bind/unbind. This is partly because in
U-Boot it may be expensive to probe devices and we don't want to do it until
they are needed, or perhaps until after relocation.
2. Activation/probe
When a device needs to be used, U-Boot activates it, by following these
steps (see device_probe()):
a. If priv_auto_alloc_size is non-zero, then the device-private space
is allocated for the device and zeroed. It will be accessible as
dev->priv. The driver can put anything it likes in there, but should use
it for run-time information, not platform data (which should be static
and known before the device is probed).
b. If platdata_auto_alloc_size is non-zero, then the platform data space
is allocated. This is only useful for device tree operation, since
otherwise you would have to specific the platform data in the
U_BOOT_DEVICE() declaration. The space is allocated for the device and
zeroed. It will be accessible as dev->platdata.
c. If the device's uclass specifies a non-zero per_device_auto_alloc_size,
then this space is allocated and zeroed also. It is allocated for and
stored in the device, but it is uclass data. owned by the uclass driver.
It is possible for the device to access it.
d. All parent devices are probed. It is not possible to activate a device
unless its predecessors (all the way up to the root device) are activated.
This means (for example) that an I2C driver will require that its bus
be activated.
e. If the driver provides an ofdata_to_platdata() method, then this is
called to convert the device tree data into platform data. This should
do various calls like fdtdec_get_int(gd->fdt_blob, dev->of_offset, ...)
to access the node and store the resulting information into dev->platdata.
After this point, the device works the same way whether it was bound
using a device tree node or U_BOOT_DEVICE() structure. In either case,
the platform data is now stored in the platdata structure. Typically you
will use the platdata_auto_alloc_size feature to specify the size of the
platform data structure, and U-Boot will automatically allocate and zero
it for you before entry to ofdata_to_platdata(). But if not, you can
allocate it yourself in ofdata_to_platdata(). Note that it is preferable
to do all the device tree decoding in ofdata_to_platdata() rather than
in probe(). (Apart from the ugliness of mixing configuration and run-time
data, one day it is possible that U-Boot will cache platformat data for
devices which are regularly de/activated).
f. The device's probe() method is called. This should do anything that
is required by the device to get it going. This could include checking
that the hardware is actually present, setting up clocks for the
hardware and setting up hardware registers to initial values. The code
in probe() can access:
- platform data in dev->platdata (for configuration)
- private data in dev->priv (for run-time state)
- uclass data in dev->uclass_priv (for things the uclass stores
about this device)
Note: If you don't use priv_auto_alloc_size then you will need to
allocate the priv space here yourself. The same applies also to
platdata_auto_alloc_size. Remember to free them in the remove() method.
g. The device is marked 'activated'
h. The uclass's post_probe() method is called, if one exists. This may
cause the uclass to do some housekeeping to record the device as
activated and 'known' by the uclass.
3. Running stage
The device is now activated and can be used. From now until it is removed
all of the above structures are accessible. The device appears in the
uclass's list of devices (so if the device is in UCLASS_GPIO it will appear
as a device in the GPIO uclass). This is the 'running' state of the device.
4. Removal stage
When the device is no-longer required, you can call device_remove() to
remove it. This performs the probe steps in reverse:
a. The uclass's pre_remove() method is called, if one exists. This may
cause the uclass to do some housekeeping to record the device as
deactivated and no-longer 'known' by the uclass.
b. All the device's children are removed. It is not permitted to have
an active child device with a non-active parent. This means that
device_remove() is called for all the children recursively at this point.
c. The device's remove() method is called. At this stage nothing has been
deallocated so platform data, private data and the uclass data will all
still be present. This is where the hardware can be shut down. It is
intended that the device be completely inactive at this point, For U-Boot
to be sure that no hardware is running, it should be enough to remove
all devices.
d. The device memory is freed (platform data, private data, uclass data).
Note: Because the platform data for a U_BOOT_DEVICE() is defined with a
static pointer, it is not de-allocated during the remove() method. For
a device instantiated using the device tree data, the platform data will
be dynamically allocated, and thus needs to be deallocated during the
remove() method, either:
1. if the platdata_auto_alloc_size is non-zero, the deallocation
happens automatically within the driver model core; or
2. when platdata_auto_alloc_size is 0, both the allocation (in probe()
or preferably ofdata_to_platdata()) and the deallocation in remove()
are the responsibility of the driver author.
e. The device is marked inactive. Note that it is still bound, so the
device structure itself is not freed at this point. Should the device be
activated again, then the cycle starts again at step 2 above.
5. Unbind stage
The device is unbound. This is the step that actually destroys the device.
If a parent has children these will be destroyed first. After this point
the device does not exist and its memory has be deallocated.
Data Structures
---------------
Simon Glass
10 years ago